What If Dark Energy Increased? Explained

What If Dark Energy Increased? Explained

When Einstein first introduced his theory of general relativity, he added a fixed number called the cosmological constant to stabilize the universe. He later said it was his biggest ever blunder,but recently physicists have returned to it and realized that the cosmological constant could very well represent something else; Dark Energy. Does this mysterious power have to go unchanged,though? This is theWorldOinfo and today we’re answering the extraordinary question; What if the dark energy in the universe increases? Are you a fiend for facts? Are you constantly curious? Then why not subscribe to theWorldOinfo for more articles like this one? And ring the bell for more fascinating content! Dark energy is one of modern science’s biggest mysteries. We know it accounts for sixty-eight percent of the universe… and that it and dark matter accounts for ninety-five percent of everything there is. But, apart from that, for something that's so abundant, we’re almost astonishingly unsure about it! Dark energy can most easily be thought of as the energy density of empty space. It was only really theorized thanks to another mystery in astronomy - the acceleration of universal expansion. In the minds of many, the most likely explanation for accelerating expansion is the presence of a vast force which pushes the cosmos apart by overcoming the force of gravity - and that’s dark energy. We’re still in the very early days of trying to make sense of it all, but most scientists currently view the amount of dark energy in the universe as constant and unchanging; that it will always account for sixty-eight percent. But there are some theories arguing that might not be the case; that the levels of dark energy could vary over time. If the dark energy content in the universe was to suddenly start increasing, then, the first question would be: Where is the increase coming from? The universe is a closed system, and the first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed - so, what gives? On such a large scale there’s no way to know for sure, but it’s thought that our universe has the same amount of energy that it did when it first formed right after the Big Bang. Since then, energy may have changed form and location, but it shouldn’t just disappear. Equally, it shouldn’t just appear, either;no “extra energy” should have ever been “added”. While universal expansion itself seems to defy this rule, it’s actually just more space that’s created through it… and the expanding space is filled with gravitational potential energy that’s released during the expansion process. Everything is still in balance. But if dark matter is increasing, as some think it could be, then it must be getting the energy from somewhere. There are various theories as to “where”,some more far-off than others. On one end of the spectrum, it could mean that energy from a parallel universe is seeping into our own, or that the seemingly unaccounted for dark energy is actually being stolen from an otherwise unknown realm in the accepted universe. Elsewhere, though, there are some studies suggesting the possibility that dark energy is growing by converting dark matter into itself. And if that’s true, could the same process eventually decrease the amount of even visible matter, too? Turning it into dark energy, as well? There’s no reason to think so, so far…but, Einstein’s famous equation “E= mc squared” represents the relationship between matter, “m”, and energy, “e”, showing that one can be converted into another. The rule takes a rather sinister turn, though,if dark energy is transforming (or stealing) ordinary matter… if that’s the case then our world could be ever so slowly disappearing, at an unnoticeable but still very real rate. But, let’s not get ahead of ourselves. Wherever it’s coming from, the main thing that we know about dark energy is still that it’s responsible for the acceleration in the expansion of the universe. So, if it were increasing, so too would the acceleration of expansion. One reason why that would be bad, is that it shortens the amount of time that humanity can feasibly travel between the stars. As the universe expands, even at the current rate, galaxies are pushed further and further apart. Look into the sky tonight and you’re already witnessing most stars and galaxies slowly recede from Earth, increasing the distance between us and them. It means that, while we’re reportedly racing to work out how to achieve interstellar travel in the first place, the journey lengths required to do so are going up and up. It was in the late 1920s that scientists came to accept the ground-breaking reality that the universe was expanding. Since then, though, there have been various times when studies have shown the rate of expansion as being faster than had previously been believed - especially in recent years. In terms of today’s question, an increase in dark energy would mean that scientists would yet again be astonished when measuring the universe - with expansion accelerating beyond anything we’d ever known before. Confirmation of an increase in dark energy would mean re-evaluating our current understanding of fundamental physics, which could lead to revolution in the field. In our everyday lives, though, we might feel increasingly concerned and isolated. On the one hand, if the “dark energy equals disappearing visible matter” theory rang true, then there’s a disintegrating reality to come to terms with… On the other, just a little less dramatically,we’d know that every other object in the universe was retreating from us at an even faster rate than we’d previously predicted. It would truly seem as though the universe itself was making it as difficult as possible for intelligent life to ever contact any other life forms. Even under today’s accepted physical conditions,not only does the speed of light limit travel, but the already vast distances between star systems are continuing to grow even more vast over time. There are already galaxies and planets completely out of our reach forever, because they’re expanding away from us faster than the speed of light. Add into the conundrum an increase in dark energy, then, and we have even more planets and galaxies (which may or may not be literally disappearing, as well) moving away from us forever. The universe becomes an even lonelier place. And, ultimately, it could find itself destroyed altogether! The Big Rip is one theorized way that our universe will end. As space expands, the largest areas between galaxies noticeably stretch… but, in time, smaller and smaller regions will begin to grow away from each other, too. Eventually, so the theory proposes, individual star systems will be pulled apart at an accelerating rate, and planets will get dragged away from their home stars. All objects in the universe will find themselves changed forever, becoming more and more detached from anything else. More than that, though, as the universe continues to expand, the Big Rip says that even the stars and planets themselves will be gradually pulled apart from the inside; stretched until they tear into increasingly smaller pieces and then broken back down into isolated atoms floating in space. If the amount of dark energy present in the universe increases, and the Big Rip plays out, then all of that happens at a faster rate, until even atoms of matter are broken down and the universe is left with nothing but a vast expanse of empty space. There is some potential respite, however (even if it’s slim!). Because that empty space with matter reduced to its most fundamental form would, theoretically, be strikingly similar to something else; what some believe to be the original state of the universe before the Big Bang. A key difference would be that the universe before the Big Bang is thought to have been hot and dense, whereas a post-Big Rip universe would be cold and thin. The physics professor Eric Gawiser, though,finds cause for hope even here. According to Gawiser, it’s possible that an increase in dark energy wouldn’t finally culminate with the Big Rip - rather that theRip would be one part of something even bigger! The torn-up cosmos could eventually resemble the state of exponential expansion that happened right after the Big Bang. So, with dark energy taking over, there could be a reversal at the end of the Rip. For Gawiser, it could be that right before the universe stretches itself into nothing, the energy in the space would transition toa hot Big Bang, setting forth a process to recreate the universe. Say this was true, then it’d mean that our universe even as it is could be infinitely old, having constantly expanded, collapsedand recycled itself… via wave-like floods of dark energy. What’s important to remember, though, is that that’s just one theory. For most scientists, dark energy is still a universal constant that doesn’t increase over time. The idea that it might be a hypothetical,but one with extremely far-reaching consequences - and one that does demand more and more investigation! In early 2018, for example, the scientistsGuido Risaliti and Elisabeta Lusso found that quasars (huge objects with untold amounts of energy) at extremely far distances appear to have different concentrations of dark energy… In their study, they even concluded that the dark energy “must increase with time.” It could be that this mysterious substance is Einstein’s cosmological constant, but it doesn’t necessarily have to be… and if it were to increase in concentration over time then it could finally explain the origin of everything. And that’s what would happen if the dark energy in the universe increased. What do you think? Is there anything we missed? Let us know in the comments, check out these articles from theWorldOinfo, and make sure you subscribe for our latest content.

What if Earth Never Had Humans? Explanation

What if Earth Never Had Humans

Human life has completely changed the planet we live on, affecting everything from the smallest organism to whole climate systems. In an alternate reality, though, life might not have developed in the same way here… So why not take a step back and examine what the world would be like if humans hadn’t been around? This is theWorldOinfo and today we’re answering the extraordinary question; What if Earth never had humans? Are you a fiend for facts? Are you constantly curious? Then why not subscribe to theWorldOinfo for more articles like this one? And ring the bell for more fascinating content! There’s little doubt that humans have had a huge impact on “how the world works” for thousands of years, reaching all the way back to the extinctions debatably caused by humanity at the end of the last ice age. Huge numbers of species disappeared at that time, around ten thousand years ago, just when humans began to spread around the planet...with some pitching the “overkill hypothesis” as to why so many large animals died out;the idea being that they were hunted to extinction by humans. But “humans'', in a broad sense, have been around for much longer than even that… and the direct ancestor of all branches of the human family (or homo genus), the Australopithecus, dates back close to four million years. Modern humans, or homo sapiens, along withNeanderthals, homo erectus, and a number of other branches of now extinct varieties of human all evolved from Australopithecus. While all these species undoubtedly altered the world around them, prompting various changes to affect the course of history, modern humans have absolutely reshaped Earth in a relatively short period of time. From the physical structures we’ve built,to the more indirect ways we’ve altered the destinies of other species… in many ways the world is what we’ve made it; for better and worse. Human effects on the climate are one of themost widely debated and prominent issues today. Whether it’s global warming, ocean acidification,deforestation, or a number of other environmental concerns, it’s easy to see the hand of humanity when considering climate change. A multitude of scientific studies now suggest that human society is the cause of a rapid increase in global temperatures in the past few centuries. Since the industrial revolution, in particular,the atmosphere’s been clogged by CO2 and greenhouse gasses, to the point that human behaviour (now and in the past) is today melting glaciers, diminishing ice sheets and causing sea levels to rise. Of course, there are other, non-human causes of global warming, but the growing majority of scientists argue that natural climate change isn't what we’re seeing now. Add into the equation that humans have also created new and unnatural materials, like plastics - the majority of which are non-biodegradable and stay trapped in ecosystems for years - and we can start to see just how much of a difference one species can make. Naturally, it isn’t just the Earth itself that has been affected by humanity, either… but also the other species that share this world with us. Safe and reliable shelter is one of the most primal human needs… and, so, entire landscapes have been reshaped and replaced by villages,towns and ever-expanding cities over the centuries. But lest we forget that “safe and reliable shelter” is a basic need for all other life, as well… and the erecting of human settlements has often come via deforestation and general urbanisation. Today, worldwide loss of biodiversity is one of our most pressing ecological problems… so much so that plenty of scientists, analysts and environmentalists argue that we’re already in the midst of the next mass extinction;the Holocene Extinction. No one’s yet sure exactly how many species will disappear during it, but it is reportedly causing the rate of extinction to be between one hundred and one thousand times what’s normal! It’s not all “take, take, take’, however. While many species have disappeared, humanity has created a number of new ones as well. Through farming and domestication, everything from corn to various species of dog has been selectively grown or bred by humans. So, if Earth had never had humans, then it's other crops and creatures might well have evolved differently, too. Taking the development of farm produce asan example, the emergence of new types of carrot, apple or anything else can take decades or centuries in the natural order of things. But, humans can and have fast-tracked the process innumerable times, via genetically modified organisms (or GMOs) - a supposedly efficient but certainly controversial method of growing. Humans are also partly responsible for whereother flora and fauna species live, too, with human travellers and settlers introducingnon-native animal and plant populations to new habitats all across the planet - sometimes intentionally, sometimes accidentally. It’s another way in which human actions shape the rest of life on Earth, particularly when an invasive species has no natural predators or limiters wherever it’s been moved to - as was the case with the cane toad in Australia,or with the kudzu vine in the American south. Time and again we’ve seen humans introduce a new species to a new region, only for it to grow and thrive at an uncontrollable rate,sometimes even enforcing the extinction of other, native crops and creatures. For many, it’s just another unsettling aspect of the ongoing Holocene Event. According to a 2015 study by Denmark’s AarhusUniversity, though, it isn’t what humans bring with them that’s shaping the spread of biodiversity; it’s the humans themselves. In trying to answer why certain geographical regions - like the Serengeti, for example - hold a much wider than average variety of large mammals, the study argues that it’s because these are the only places left where humans haven’t yet eradicated endemic species. These rare locations on the world map have been relatively unchanged throughout human history, compared to most of Europe, for example. But, while we might think that particular animals have simply evolved to live in dusty savannahs (or in any other inaccessible region)…the Aarhus report suggests that one of the main reasons a brown bear, for instance, live mainly in the mountains is because that’s where it has needed to go to evade human settlements. Whether the risk is hunting or habitat destruction,certain animals just inherently know to stay away from people. If humanity had never been around,it’s thought that large animals like lions and elephants would now exist all across theglobe, instead of only in specific regions. And, perhaps unsurprisingly, there’d be plenty more trees around the place, as well. According to estimates, of the six million square miles of rainforest that once existed on Earth, less than forty percent of it still exists… with human-led deforestation to blame for much of the loss. While we are beginning to redress the balance with various tree-planting initiatives around the world, the thousands of years’ worth of repurposing trees for our own needs has no doubt fundamentally changed the planet. Despite all of that, though, it’s not all bad, and humans have and do affect Earth in a positive way, too. Regarding extinctions themselves, twenty-first century humans have developed technology to predict certain cataclysmic events, and in some cases even prevent natural disasters. Some of the vast and deadly catastrophes of the past might now, in some cases, be averted, or at least lessened. On the one hand, human knowledge has bred flood defences, firefighting techniques against forest fires, and seismometers to warn of tsunamis; on the other, efforts are ongoing to develop tech that could even save the world from an extinction level crisis like an asteroid strike. So, if Earth never had humans, then it wouldn't today have a means to detect and potentially avoid these threats to it. More so than any other species, humans have the capability to understand “how Earth works”, and therefore to ensure that it carries on working. There are a number of ways that humans are preparing the planet for a potentially inevitable world-ending event, too. In fact, it’s thanks to human actions that a higher percentage of life could well survive, if Earth were to suffer an extinction similar to what happened to the dinosaurs. There’s the Svalbard Global Seed Vault,on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen, built to prevent plant species from being lost forever post-apocalypse. We’ve also created numerous “frozen zoos'',where the genetic materials for countless animals are stored and preserved. And then, there are the monuments we've built for ourselves, whether at the expense of nature or not, which could also serve as a reminder of what Earth was, following disaster. From the Greatest of Pyramids to the tiniest of houses; the largest of cities, to the smallest of villages; from the simple wheel to the probes we’ve sent all across the solar system… they’re the marks of human civilization that would otherwise never have occurred. Clearly, humans possess a unique environmental influence. Knowingly or not, we’ve been a big reason why Earth is today the way it is. Without humans, this planet might’ve looked,sounded, even smelled like a totally different place by now. But, equally, while our species has had an untold impact on the past, we also have the chance to affect the future - for the good of the world or to its detriment. Time will tell which route we take. What do you think? Is there anything we missed? Let us know in the comments, check out these other articles for theWorldOinfo , and make sure you subscribe for our latest content.

What's inside a black hole Black holes

What's inside a black hole Black holes

What's inside a black hole Black holes are mysterious and bizarre objects in the universe that really have no explanation. In fact We hardly know anything about what lies inside of a black? Hole we know and understand what we see on the outside of a black hole But we have no way of going inside one to take a look at what is really happening Even if we sent a probe inside a black hole It would not survive the journey And there would be no way that the probe could transmit a signal outside once it had been sucked inside This is because a black Hole is the product of mass being squeezed together, so densely and so tightly that it creates a gravitational pole That is so strong that not even light can escape its grasp Supermassive black holes with masses millions to billions of times that of the Sun are thought to lurk at the hearts of all galaxies in the universe You may notice that when you see a photo of a spiral galaxy Such as the Milky Way in the center of the galaxy is a giant mass of light? Which many people would think looks like a massive Sun, but this is not light coming from the black hole itself Remember that life cannot escape the heavy gravitational pull Instead the light we see comes from magnetic fields near a spinning black hole that propel electrons outward in a jet Along the rotation axis the electrons produce bright radio waves Quasars are believed to produce their energy from massive black holes in the center of the galaxies in which the quasars are located But quasars are so bright they drown out the light from all the other stars in the same galaxy. You're probably asking: Well What's a quasar? A quasar is the short name for a quasi stellar object and is a very highly energetic object. Surrounding an actively feeding supermassive black hole in more basic terms the supermassive black hole in the middle of a galaxy feeds intermittently as it feeds gas swirls around it at incredible speeds and Forms an insanely bright hot orbiting disc and if the black hole is swallowing a large amount of material this feeding is accomplished by gigantic Jets of gas these are called quasar They are essentially fueled by the black holes They orbit some supermassive black hole giants release an extraordinarily Large amount of light when they rip apart stars in devour matter and are likely the driving force behind these quasars When material gets too close to a black hole it forms that bright hot accretion disk around the black hole That accretion disk heats up to millions of degrees Blasting out an enormous amount of radiation The magnetic environment around the black hole forms twin Jets of material which flow out into space for millions of light years This becomes what is called an active galactic nucleus Or a GN the diet of known black holes consists mostly of gas and dust which fill the otherwise empty space throughout the universe black holes can also consume material torn from nearby stars in fact the most massive black holes can swallow stars whole Black holes can also grow by colliding and merging with other black holes This growth process is what can and usually does reveal the presence of a black hole? But supermassive black holes aren't always feeding if a black hole runs out of food the Jets run out of power and shut down Right up until something gets too close and the whole system starts up again the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy is all out of food or space material to consume It lies completely dormant for the time being a sleeping giant, so it doesn't have an active galactic nucleus And so there is no qwaser emitting light however We are on a collision course with another galaxy and in 10 billion years or so when the Milky Way collides with the Andromeda galaxy Our supermassive black hole may roar back to life as a quasar as it begins to consume part of this new galaxy Now it might sound like black holes are dangerous and that anything that even remotely comes close to a black hole Would get sucked inside and be crushed and while it's true that if you manage to carefully drop an object into a black hole You'd never get that object back, but black holes are actually remarkably bad at pulling material close to them There are a couple of reasons for this one black holes aren't actually attractive to anything for any reason other than gravity Much like our solar system is in a stable orbits around the Sun the vast majority of a galaxy is in a stable orbit around the black hole with no real reason to go plunging towards the very center of The galaxy the second reason that black holes are bad at being astronomical vacuum cleaners is that they're really? Really inefficient at getting material close enough to them to cross the event horizon and add to the mass of the black hole Even small black holes which exist in great numbers in the galaxy are much better at tearing a companion star apart than they aren't actually Growing their own size by consuming the star hole so despite their reputation Black holes will not actually suck in objects from large distances a black hole can only capture objects that come very close to it They're more like venus flytraps than cosmic vacuum cleaners for example imagine replacing the Sun by a black hole of the same mass permanent darkness would fall on earth But the planets would continue to revolve around the black hole at the same distance and speed as they do now None of the planets would be sucked into the black hole our earth would be in danger Only if it came within some 10 miles of the black hole Much less than the actual distance of the Earth from the Sun which is a comforting 93 million miles away So after knowing all of this do we have any idea, what is inside of a black hole? Current theories predict that all the matter in a black Hole is piled up in a single point at the center But we do not understand how this central singularity works to properly understand the black hole center requires a fusion of the theory of gravity With the theory that describes the behavior of matter on the smallest scales called quantum mechanics This unifying theory has already been given a name quantum gravity, but how it works is still unknown This is one of the most important unsolved problems in physics Studies of black holes may one day provide the key to unlock this mystery Einstein's theory of general relativity allows unusual characteristics for black holes For example the central singularity might form a bridge to another universe. This is similar to a so-called wormhole. Which is a mysterious solution of Einstein's equations that has no event horizon? Bridges and wormholes might allow travel to other universes or even time travel, but without observational and experimental data This is mostly speculation We do not know whether bridges or wormholes exist in the universe or could even have formed in principle By contrast black holes have been observed to exist and we understand how they form What is actually inside of a black Cole is still a mystery? So does a black hole live forever if there is nothing for a black hole to consume then no in Fact a very surprising thing happens you might have heard of Stephen Hawking He is a theoretical physicist in cosmologists, and is at the forefront on the study of black holes He came up with a theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation this of course is now known as Hawking radiation Hawking radiation reduces the mass and energy of black holes and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation Because of this black holes that do not gain mass through other means are expected to shrink and ultimately vanish What it means is that if the black hole has nothing to eat it? Eventually evaporates the energy and mass that the black hole pulled inside of itself Evaporates back out into space in the form of radiation. It is almost as if a black Hole is a universe recycling machine Stephen Hawking proved this in 1974 by using the laws of quantum mechanics to study the region close to a black hole horizon The quantum theory describes the behavior of matter on the smallest scales it predicts that tiny particles and light are continuously created and destroyed on subatomic scales Some of the light thus created actually has a very small chance of escaping before it is destroyed to an outsider It is as though the event horizon glows the energy carried away by the glow decreases the black hole's mass until it is completely gone This surprising new insight show that there is still much to learn about black holes However, Hawking's glow is completely irrelevant for any of the black holes known to exist in the universe For them the temperature of the glow is almost zero and the energy loss is negligible The time needed for the black holes to lose much of their mass is unimaginably long however if much smaller black holes ever existed in the universe Then Hawking's findings would have been catastrophic a black hole as massive as a cruise ship would disappear in a bright flash in less than a second as You can see black holes are incredible and mysterious things perhaps one day We will know exactly what lies inside of a black Hole, maybe we will find out that they are gates to another dimension such as wormholes Or maybe we will never know and just come to accept their existence as they are.

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